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Unrecognized states are territories that have achieved de facto independence, yet have failed to gain international recognition as independent states. These territories constitute anomalies in the international system of sovereign states and often present significant challenges to policy makers, as evidenced by the war in Georgia and the continued debate over Kosovo's independence. This book draws on both theory and case studies to better understand the phenomenon of unrecognized states, demonstrating that the existence of such entities is less unusual than previously assumed. Moving away from.

Preface -- Contents -- Editors and Contributors -- 1 Introduction: Secession and Recognition in the Twenty-first Century -- References -- Theoretical Perspectives -- 2 Making Peace with De Facto States -- 1 Making Peace with-While also Extending: The Concept of De Facto States -- 2 Making Peace with Non-recognition -- 3 How to Make Peace with De Facto States -- 4 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 3 Unrecognized States and National Identity -- 1 Collective Identities and Recognition -- 2 State Recognition and National Identity -- 3 Unrecognized States and National Identity -- References -- 4 Ontological Security of the Post-Soviet de Facto States -- 1 The Perspective of Ontological Security -- 2 The Application of Ontological Security to Post-Soviet de Facto States -- 3 Ontological Security and Honour in the Caucasus -- 4 Case Study: The Chechen Republic of Ichkeria 1996-1999 -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- 5 Contemporary Referendum on Independence (RI) and Linguistic Aspects of an Intelligible Referendum Question (RQ) -- 1 Evolution of the Principles of Intelligibility of a Referendum Question (RQ) -- 2 Selection of Secessionist Groups for Investigation -- 3 Emerging Democracies: The Soviet Union and Yugoslavia -- 3.1 Disintegration of the Soviet Union -- 3.2 Dissolution of Yugoslavia -- 3.3 Summary -- 4 Internationally Supervised RI: From Eritrea to South Sudan -- 4.1 Eritrea -- 4.2 East Timor -- 4.3 Montenegro -- 4.4 South Sudan -- 4.5 Summary -- 5 Micro-states -- 5.1 Nevis -- 5.2 Palau -- 5.3 Tokelau -- 5.4 Summary -- 6 Liberal Democracies -- 6.1 Québec -- 6.2 Scotland -- 6.3 Catalonia -- 6.4 Summary -- 7 Concluding Remarks -- 7.1 Purely Evolutionary Dimension -- 7.2 Time-Spatial Dimension -- 7.3 Liberal Democratic Dimension -- 7.4 Negotiating Dimension -- References -- 6 (Super)Power Rule: Comparative Analysis of Parent States

The international legal right of peoples to self-determination is an integral part of the basis for the formation of an independent state. The most acute problems are with those regions that seceded from the Soviet Union in political and military conflicts and now seek recognition of sovereign status. Until the middle of XX century, such recognition was achieved following global military conflict, and then following the struggle against colonialism. In the past three decades, it has been associated mostly with the destruction of totalitarian regimes. This study is analysis the formation of the unrecognized state and historical, political and legal processes in a changing world political environment, and the implementation of the right of peoples to self-determination. The modern search for optimal forms of self-determination subject to the ideas of external and internal forms predetermines the scientific analysis of the historical political and legal formation of statehood in the territories for which the implementation of the right of peoples to selfdetermination is problematic. Here we examine the example of the Republic of Abkhazia.The methodological basis of research is the systemic approach that allows a holistic view of political and legal processes in the state. We also use comparative, structuralfunctional and historical approaches. The current status of the Republic of Abkhazia at its present stage of development is "denied," which affects its political and legal system, characterized by a mixture of traditional and modern state and legal institutions. The state and the law in Abkhazia largely depend on the geopolitical situation in the region and the world, as well as the political systems of its neighbors and strategic allies. Quite a large role in the formation of Abkhazian statehood and its legal system is played by the Russian Federation, which has influenced power structures of the Republic of Abkhazia so as to integrate them into a single economic, political and legal space. Conclusions:The state and the legal system of the Republic of Abkhazia are in a state of transition and undergoing synchronization with the state and legal system of the Russian Federation in in order to establish a sovereign state. The status of an unrecognized state makes it impossible for the Republic of Abkhazia to fully participate in international processes and slows down the possible impact of international legal institutions on its state legal system.

This paper examines the media systems in the "Donetsk People's Republic" and the "Luhansk People's Republic," both unrecognized states. After a conflict outbreak in 2014, the media landscape in the unrecognized republics acquired the features of an authoritarian media system. Employing qualitative methods (primary source analysis and in-depth interviews), the research explores a combination of instruments that pushed media into an authoritarian mode that entailed declarations of loyalty, severe vertical subordination, predominantly state ownership, and the designation of a military subdivision at the information frontline. Other decisive factors that allowed an authoritarian media system to be instated are the loyalty of the pre-existing media landscape to local authorities and oligarch media owners, the political isolation of the unrecognized republics, and the strong influence of the Russian information space.

The article discusses the importance of the human capital assets as the key factor for strengthening and continuous development of the social and economic sphere of the unrecognized states through the example of the Donetsk People's Republic. The authors show both the role of the approaches to the formation and development of human capital existing in modern science and the possibility of using their potential at a practical level. The conditions and opportunities of forming and developing the human capital, so far developed in the Donetsk People's Republic, have been analyzed from the interdisciplinary perspective. Certain sociological generalizations on the peculiarities of the professional self-determination of young people are presented.

Within international relations, discussions about how civil wars end have focused mainly on the qualities of the belligerents (ethnicity, commitment to the cause) or on the strategic environment of decision making (security dilemmas). Work in sociology and development economics, however, has highlighted the importance of war economies and the functional role of violence. This article combines these approaches by examining the mechanisms through which the chaos of war becomes transformed into networks of profit, and through which these in turn become hardened into the institutions of quasi states. The first section offers a brief overview of current research on civil war endings. The second section outlines the course of four Eurasian wars and identifies the de facto states that have arisen after them: the republic of Nagorno-Karabakh (in Azerbaijan), the Dnestr Moldovan republic (in Moldova), and the republics of Abkhazia and South Ossetia (in Georgia). The third section analyzes the pillars of state building in each case: the political economy of weak states, the role of external actors, the mythologizing function of cultural and educational institutions, and the complicity of central governments. The concluding section suggests lessons that these cases might hold for further study of intrastate violence.

Recognition — States — Acts of an unrecognized State — Somaliland —
Whether capable of recognition — Everyday acts of administration — Marriage
— Namibia doctrine — Whether court in England
entitled to grant declaration of marital status to couple married in
Somaliland
Relationship of international law and municipal law — Matters reserved
to executive — Recognition — Principle that executive and courts should
speak with one voice — Whether English courts entitled to recognize acts of
a State not recognized by the Government of the United Kingdom — Marriage in
unrecognized State
States — Somaliland — Whether recognized — Consequences of
non-recognition — The law of England and Wales

In this paper, we address the question of why in some de facto states something like "dominant party" politics has emerged, whereas in others there at least appears some form of real political competition. We empirically assess some of the commonly cited factors that affect the character of politics within de facto states (the wealth of the entity, the militarization of society, the level of ethnic homogeneity, and political institutional features). Using Fuzzy-Set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA), a method developed specifically to deal with the "small N problem" in empirical inquiry, we apply this framework to 13 post-secessionist unrecognized states.